Action potential of cardial muscles (myyocytes) pass through four different phases; phase 0,1,2,3 and 4. It starts with rapid depolarization in phase 1, followed by rapid but short repolarization, then plateau in phase 2, which followed by rapid repolariz

Opioids group is the strongest analgesic group. It works through binding to endogenous opioid receptors. Which leads to closure of presynaptic calcium Ca channels and halt the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. Additionally opioid receptors enhance